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T-34-85 Model 1969
T-34 Short History
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The development of the T-34 began in the late 1930s as a response to the need for a modern, well-armored, and mobile tank to replace outdated Soviet designs. It evolved from a series of prototypes, starting with the BT series of fast tanks, particularly the BT-7M, which served as a testbed for a new diesel engine and sloped armor concepts. This led to the A-20, a 4-roadwheel prototype with thin armor, and then the more advanced A-32, which introduced 5 road wheels, thicker armor, and a 76.2 mm gun. Finally, the A-34 prototype, tested in 1939, became the direct ancestor of the T-34. After successful trials, it entered mass production in 1940 as the T-34 Model 1940. From there, it evolved rapidly through wartime upgrades, culminating in the T-34-85 in 1944. After World War II, the T-34-85 underwent a series of modernization programs aimed at extending its service life. This series of enhancements ultimately culminated in the T-34-85 (Model 1969), which incorporated most of the key modifications developed over the previous two decades.
These postwar upgrades are often collectively and somewhat incorrectly referred to as the T-34-85M, a general designation encompassing various national and factory-level refits. This classification is somewhat supported by Przemysław Skulski in his own research and publications. He specifically states that "in some countries (Vietnam, for instance) called the 1969 version “T-34-85M.” Nevertheless, this suggestion is going to maintain the T-34-85 (1969) designation.
Introduction
The T-34-85 (1969) or Model 1969, also sometimes semi-incorrectly referred to as the “T-34-85M”, represents the final and most comprehensive post-war modernization of the legendary T-34-85. This upgrade program aimed to extend the tank’s combat effectiveness and service life well into the Cold War. The 1969 standardization brought together nearly all previously developed improvements, ranging from mobility and optics upgrades to communications and external modifications, into a single, unified package. Rather than being an entirely new variant, the Model 1969 was the culmination of successive modernization efforts, incorporating enhancements trialed in earlier programs to create the most refined and combat-ready version of the T-34-85 platform.
It is imperative to note that not all T-34-85 received every upgrade that will be mentioned in this suggestion. Equipment varied depending on the refurbishment facility, end user requirements, and export configuration. In his work, Steven Zaloga refers to the modernized Cold War-era T-34-85s as the T-34-85 Model 1969, even though he acknowledges that these tanks often lacked full uniformity in their upgrades.
The above image depicts a historically confirmed variant of the T-34-85 (1969). Zaloga: “Post-war, remaining T-34-85s in the Red Army were put through two major rebuilds, resulting in the Model 1960 and Model 1969 variants. This is a T-34-85 Model 1969. Some rebuilds include the reinforced mounting for the external fuel tanks, the new starfish wheels, and the infra-red driver’s headlight on the left side, with the white light searchlight sometimes moved to the right side. This tank has a post-war composite turret with split mushroom vents.”
Visual Representation
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The above image perfectly illustrates the core issue with these T-34-85’s lacking uniformity across its various upgrades. The top drawings show the near full upgrade package but retain the older turret roof design, while the bottom drawings include the improved turret roof, yet still use the T-54 style road wheels and retain the rear-mounted smoke canisters. Interestingly, both drawings feature the rear-mounted IR spotlight on the turret, whereas the first reference image I provided does not. It is important to note, that I have found no visual evidence that shows the “full package” (with the rear mounted projector). However, there is evidence that shows them being used on versions from the 60s. That said, the configuration shown in the first image, when combined with the rear turret-mounted projector, should represent the most complete visual depiction of T-34-85 Model 1969.
Notice the projector in question mounted at the top rear of the turret on this T-34-85 (1969) and a blackout light on the front left. The frontal image of this monument features blackout lights on both sides of the hull, unlike on the first image provided.
T-34-85 (1969) The Full Visual Package:
- Rear mounted fuel drums
- Side mounted smoke canisters
- Side mounted fuel pump box
- Upgraded ventilation system/split mushroom vents
- Improved commander’s hatch
- Squared front fenders
- One basic headlight mounted on the right side
- One headlight covered with blackout on the left side (possibly FG-100 IR)
- Turret mounted red traffic light or rear facing turret mounted projector (possibly IR)
- T-55 style “starfish” road wheels
- Wooden splash guard
Specifics
Engine and Mobility
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In the 60s the tanks were upgraded with the V-2-34M-11 diesel engine, producing 500 hp at 1800 rpm. Some sources say it had 520 hp. This enhancement provided a modest boost in performance and reliability compared to the original V-2-34 engine. In addition, numerous startup assistance upgrades were introduced to help the vehicle start reliably in adverse conditions, particularly in cold weather. Cooling, Lubrication and Air-Filtration systems were also improved.
The T-34-85 (1969) incorporated T-55-style ‘starfish’ pressed steel road wheels, replacing the original cast or stamped wheels commonly seen on earlier T-34-85s. While visually similar to those used on the T-54/55, these wheels were not interchangeable between the tank types due to differences in hub design.
On this T-34-85 (1969) the T-54 style wheel is at the back, while the rest are T-55 style wheels. Notice the tank being equipped with an upgraded roof while lacking the other previously mentioned upgrades. Upon closer inspection you will also notice that they both are also slightly physically different to those of their T-54/55 counterparts.
The T-34-85 (1969)'s wheel is on the left.
This is from Zaloga’s book. He refers to a T-34-85 only equipped with T-55 style wheels as a T-34-85 (1969). He claims that any T-34-85 with T-55 style “Starfish” wheels is a T-34-85 (1969). However, he also acknowledges that “not all T -34-85 Model 1969 received this new wheel; it was added only when existing stocks of the older wheels were exhausted at local rebuilding plants.” Somalian T-34-85 (1969)s are an example equipped with older wheels.
Fuel
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The 1969 version introduced two barrels fuel barrels on an inclined stern sheet with a capacity of 200 liters each were introduced. The tank could travel 400 km on internal fuel. The tank spare parts kit included a small-sized MZA-3 filling unit, placed in a transport position in a metal box mounted outside on the inclined left side of the hull.
The inward fuel drum holders on the T-34-85 can be mounted in different configurations, either positioned inside (closer to the engine access hatch) or outside the exhaust pipes, effectively shifting the entire fuel drums closer together toward the center or further apart toward the edges of the rear hull. This means the mounting layout is not standardized and may vary depending on the tank’s production batch, modernization program, or operator preference. Additionally, the fuel drums can be mounted at different vertical positions on the rear armor slope. When mounted too high, the drums risk obstructing the turret’s full rearward rotation, unless they are removed before combat. The gallery below includes examples of the T-34-85 Model 1969 where the fuel drums are positioned closer together and lower, minimizing interference with turret movement and reflecting one of the more practical configurations seen in the field.
Smoke
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The T-34-85 (1969) featured the TDP smoke generation system, which utilized MDSh smoke canisters mounted externally on the side. These canisters were electrically detonated from inside the tank, allowing the crew to deploy a smoke screen without exposing themselves to enemy fire. This system greatly enhanced the tank’s ability to disengage from combat or conceal movement, especially in open terrain or during retreats.
While the TDP smoke generation system was generally reliable under standard conditions, its performance could degrade over time due to factors such as weather sensitivity, aging chemical compounds, and electrical wiring issues, particularly in vehicles that were poorly maintained or stored in harsh environments. Additionally, the system was single-use, requiring manual replacement of the canisters after activation, which significantly limited its practicality. These limitations contributed to the system being rarely seen on many T-34-85 Model 1969 tanks, particularly those operated in harsh climate conditions, where exposure to heat, moisture, and dust often led to accelerated degradation or removal of the system altogether.
Communications and Electrical
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In the 1960s, the T-34-85’s electrical system was thoroughly modernized as part of the broader upgrade program. This overhaul included the installation of new wiring harnesses, improved circuit protection, and updated electrical panels and connectors, replacing outdated WWII-era components. These changes increased the system’s durability, resistance to short circuits, and overall operational reliability, especially important in harsh environments. The upgrades also allowed the tank to support more advanced onboard equipment introduced in postwar refits, marking a significant leap in electrical safety and functionality for continued frontline use.
The 1969 modernization introduced a significant upgrade to the T-34-85’s communication systems by replacing the outdated World War II-era equipment with the more advanced R-123 radio set and R-124 intercom system. The R-123 was a VHF radio that offered clearer, more reliable voice transmission over greater distances and was far more resistant to interference and signal degradation than the older 10-RT series radios. This allowed for improved coordination between tank units and command elements on the battlefield. The accompanying R-124 intercom system enhanced internal crew communication, ensuring more effective operation during combat by allowing all five crew members to communicate clearly even in high-noise environments. These upgrades significantly modernized the T-34-85’s battlefield networking capabilities, aligning them more closely with the standards of newer Soviet armored vehicles of the era.
Night Vision and Ventilation
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To enhance its capabilities in night operations, the T-34-85 (1969) was fitted with the BVN night vision device for the driver, which allowed basic visibility in darkness. This system was supported by an IR projector, typically FG-100, depending on availability and production batch. These infrared searchlights were mounted on the front of the hull or at the top rear or of the turret, illuminating the battlefield with infrared light that was invisible to the naked eye but detectable through the night vision optics. This setup allowed the driver to navigate and maneuver the tank in low-light or no-light conditions, something that was a significant limitation for earlier T-34 variants.
According to Zaloga, by 1969, the original infra-red night driving equipment on the T-34-85 was replaced with updated periscopes and modernized headlights, reflecting a broader effort to improve night-time visibility and operational effectiveness during Cold War-era upgrades.
Some T-34-85 (1969)s also featured improvements to the ventilation system, addressing one of the long-standing issues of the original T-34-85 design. The upgraded system enhanced air circulation within the fighting compartment. This not only improved crew comfort, but also slightly reduced the risk of overheating and internal condensation, contributing to greater operational reliability in a wider range of environmental conditions.
The tank featured a modified commander’s hatch, a notable improvement over earlier wartime designs. This hatch was a single-piece, forward-opening design equipped with five vision ports , offering the commander significantly enhanced situational awareness. Beyond just visibility, the hatch provided quicker entry and exit, which was crucial in combat emergencies. Its structure also offered better frontal protection while on the move, allowing the commander to observe the battlefield with greater safety during marches or early engagements.
Armament and Ammunition
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The T-34-85 (Model 1969) retained the same main armament as its World War II predecessors, the 85 mm ZiS-S-53 rifled tank gun. While the gun itself was unchanged, it was supported by several important upgrades in the 1969 modernization program, including an electric turret traverse motor and modernized optics. The ZiS-S-53 was originally designed to fire AP, APBC, APCR, and HE shells, but by the Cold War period, it was also potentially capable of using the BK-367, BK-367M, 3BK2 and 3BK2M HEAT-FS shells, shaped-charge shells that have ample penetration regardless of range. However, some shells designed for the D-44 divisional gun were not interchangeable with the ZiS-S-53. The ammunition load was reorganized to accommodate 55 rounds and 1890 cartridges for the DTM machine guns.
Some countries mounted heavy anti-air MGs on their modernized T-34-85 tanks, however there is no visual evidence of this from the USSR, Angola or Somalia with regards to the T-34-85 (1969) “full package” specifically. However, if we take Zaloga’s word about the wheels, then a lot of T-34-85 (1969)s mounted heavy MGs.
Distinguishing Features Brief
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It’s important not to confuse the T-34-85 Model 1969 with Czechoslovak-manufactured T-34-85s (Syrian T-34-85 (1953). The Czechoslovak Special), which were also exported in large numbers to Africa and the Middle East. While both types often served side by side in the same armed forces, they are distinct variants. Czech-built T-34-85 (1953) are easily identified by their exceptionally smooth, high-quality turret castings, a result of superior post-war manufacturing standards. They also came with an intercom attachment below the rear left fuel tank, specific types of traffic lights, modified exhaust pipe armor and carried smoke canisters on the rear slope. They typically lack some of the most prominent 1969 modernization features, making them more akin to late-war or early post-war Soviet configurations. Although, it is not a guarantee.
The most reliable way to identify a true Model 1969 is by looking for key external features such as the box housing for the electric fuel pump and especially side-mounted smoke canister racks. In many cases, the smoke canisters themselves and even their mounts may be missing, leaving a noticeable gap between the fuel pump box and the original external fuel tank mounts. According to Steven Zaloga, the presence of T-55-style “starfish” road wheels is also a strong visual indicator of a 1969 model, although even this feature was not universal. Other elements, such as rear-mounted 200L fuel drums, traffic lights, and the revised turret ventilation system, may or may not be present on the 1969 modernization. This variation underscores the lack of strict standardization among Cold War-era T-34-85 upgrades, particularly in export or field-modified forms. The Angolan example number “D-230” is as good as it gets, as far as the photographic evidence goes.
While retaining the core design of the original T-34-85, the T-34-85 (1969) can be distinguished by several key features:
- Road Wheels: The adoption of T-55-style ‘starfish’ pressed steel road wheels is a clear visual indicator of the upgrade. Although similar in appearance to those on the T-54/55, these wheels were not interchangeable.
- External Equipment: The addition of rear-mounted 200-liter fuel drums, relocated smoke canisters to the left side, wooden splash guard and MZA-3 filling unit box set the T-34-85 (1969) apart from earlier models.
- Turret Roof Modifications: Additionally, the ventilation system was upgraded with a revised turret vent layout. Unlike the original configuration, the modernized setup included one “mushroom” vent positioned at the front of the turret roof and another at the rear, providing improved airflow. Additionally, the commander’s cupola was also improved.
- Night Driving Equipment: The T-34-85 (1969) featured IR or normal blackout headlights mounted to the sides of the hull and maybe an IR or normal spotlight mounted at the rear of the turret, part of the upgraded night-driving system.
- Performance: The T-34-85 (1969) came with an improved engine, electronic turret traverse, improved optics and HEAT-FS ammunition.
Implementation
Spoiler
In War Thunder, the T-34-85 (Model 1969) would likely feature minor yet meaningful performance improvements over the standard T-34-85 variants already in the game. It could be slightly more mobile due to its modernized engine, and benefit from a faster turret traverse speed, thanks to the inclusion of an electric traverse motor. Most importantly, it would have access to post-war ammunition, including the HEAT-FS rounds, giving it a significant firepower upgrade. It would also feature the ability to deploy smoke, something that most T-34-85s lack. With these enhancements, the T-34-85 (1969) would realistically be the best T-34-85 in the game. However, the real appeal would be visual, with a proper Cold War-era refit featuring T-55-style road wheels, external fuel drums, updated turret details, and other subtle yet historically accurate cosmetic changes. These features would not only help the T-34-85 (1969) stand out from its WWII-era counterparts but also offer players a visually rich and immersive representation of late-service Soviet armor.
Gaijin has a consistent habit of removing Soviet rear-mounted external fuel drums from various tank models. However, when it comes to the T-34-85 (Model 1969), these fuel drums should be retained for the sake of visual impact and historical authenticity. In most documented configurations, the fuel drums are positioned in a way that does not obstruct the turret’s ability to fully traverse, including to the rear, so they would not interfere with gameplay. Moreover, photographic evidence of captured and destroyed T-34-85 (1969)s shows that many of these tanks entered combat with their external fuel drums still attached. This clearly demonstrates that, contrary to common belief, the drums were in some cases not removed before battle.
The T-34-85 (Model 1969) should be placed in the USSR tech tree, as there is clear visual and photographic evidence of Soviet forces operating this specific modernized variant during their intervention in Afghanistan. Its deployment in that conflict confirms that the USSR retained and actively fielded upgraded T-34-85s well into the late Cold War era. This is also supported by the previously cited Zaloga’s statement, that indicates the Soviet T-34-85s on the mainland were undergoing these upgrades. To further reflect the tank’s widespread global use, Angolan and Somali skins, both of which are historically documented users of the “fully packaged” T-34-85 (1969), could be offered as optional customization options, providing players with cosmetic variety.
Disclaimer: All aspects of this suggestion are ultimately up to Gaijin’s discretion to decide and implement. This includes the vehicle’s battle rating (BR), nation (tree), available ammunition types, and visual features.
Conclusion
Spoiler
Overall, the T-34-85 (1969)'s enhancements focused on extending the service life of the original T-34-85 by integrating updated components and systems such as improved road wheels, modernized communications equipment, uprated ammunition, improved mechanical equipment, better electrical wiring, and night-driving capabilities. These upgrades ensured that the tank remained relevant and functional in the evolving post-WWII battlefield, even as more advanced designs like the T-55 and T-62 entered widespread service.
The modified T-34-85s were widely used by Warsaw Pact nations for training, reserve forces, and internal security roles. However, the true legacy of the T-34-85 (Model 1969) lies in its vast global export footprint. These modernized variants found their way into some of the most intense conflicts of the 1980s, including wars in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In one form or another, the T-34-85 (1969) continued to serve in numerous other conflicts, even into the 21st century, a testament to its rugged design, simplicity and adaptability.
With over 80,000 units built, the T-34 remains one of the most iconic, influential, and long-serving tanks in military history. If you read or hear about a T-34 being used during the Cold War or even into the 2000s, it was most likely a T-34-85 (1969) or a similar modernization, making it one of the most enduring tanks in military history.
T-34-85 (1969) – Specifications
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General Characteristics:
- Designation: T-34-85 (1969)
- Origin: USSR
- Type: Medium Tank
- Crew: 5 (Commander, Gunner, Loader, Driver, Radio Operator/Bow MG)
Dimensions:
- Length (gun forward): ~8.15 m
- Hull length: ~6.68 m
- Width: 3.00 m
- Height: 2.45 m
- Combat weight: ~32 tons
Mobility & Engine:
- Engine: V-2-34M-11 500 hp @ 1800 rpm (Or 520 hp at 2000 rpm)
- Alternatively V-2-34M
- Transmission: 5-speed manual
- Fuel Tanks:
- Internal + external (manually emptied)
- Electric fuel pump added for easier refueling
- Top Speed (road): ~61 km/h
- Road Wheels: T-55-style ‘starfish’ pressed steel
Armament:
- Main Gun: 85 mm ZiS-S-53
- Ammo Load: Up to 55 rounds (Including HEAT)
- Coaxial MG: 7.62 mm DT
- Bow MG: 7.62 mm DT
- Turret Rotation Speed: 21.2°/s
- Vertical Guidance: -0.5/25.0°
- Optional: Some variants fitted with additional heavy Anti-Air MGs
Armor:
- Hull Armor:
- Front (Upper Glacis): 45 mm @ 60° (~90 mm effective)
- Lower Glacis: 45 mm @ 45°
- Sides: 45 mm (vertical)
- Rear: 40–45 mm
- Floor: 15–20 mm (thicker under engine and fighting compartment)
- Turret Armor:
- Front: 75–90 mm (cast, rounded)
- Sides: 75 mm
- Rear: 52 mm
- Roof: 20 mm
Optics & Electronics:
- Night Driving Equipment:
- BVN driver’s night vision device + Blackout IR headlight (on one side or both) and turret mounted projector (Disputed)
- Commander’s Cupola: A one-piece hatch and 5 vision blocks + modernized optics
- Radio: R-123
- Internal Systems: Fully rewired electrical system, improved reliability and safety
Historic Gallery T-34-85 (1969)
Angolan T-34-85 Model 1969
Spoiler
The Angolan T-34-85s offer perhaps the closest visual representation of the full Cold War upgrade package associated with the T-34-85 Model 1969. These tanks, while among the most comprehensively modernized examples in photographic records, still lacked full uniformity. That said, many images show tanks that are only missing the turret mounted projector, suggesting they were equipped with nearly all other components of the upgrade package.
Picture by Skulski, P.
In Angola, the T-34-85 (1969) saw significant service during the Angolan Civil War, which began in 1975 and lasted until 2002. These tanks were primarily operated by FAPLA (People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola) and supported by Cuban military advisors and expeditionary forces, especially during the late 1970s and early 1980s. These tanks, many of which were modernized with the Model 1969 upgrade package, were used in combat throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, their limitations quickly became apparent. Cubans reportedly complained to the Soviets, stating that they could not continue fighting wars with T-34s, especially against better-armed South African and UNITA forces. This feedback played a role in the eventual delivery of T-55s and more modern equipment to the region.
Zaloga: “It shows the full range of Model 1969 features: starfish wheels, infra-red driver’s headlight, the external fuel pump box, repositioned MDSh racks on the hull side and rear fuel drum stowage racks.” And a new roof with the new hatch. Looks exactly the same as the first image provided.
The Ogaden War T-34-85 Model 1969
Spoiler
During the Ogaden War (1977–1978) , both Ethiopia and Somalia deployed T-34-85 tanks in combat, including modernized versions such as the T-34-85 Model 1969. Somalia, in particular, made extensive use of these tanks. Interestingly, some Somali T-34-85s appear to incorporate nearly the full suite of post-war upgrades , missing only a few minor elements. Although Somalia operated T-34-85 Model 1969, they also made extensive use of Czechoslovak-built T-34-85 (1953). The Ethiopian Army also fielded 56 T-34-85s during the war, though details on their exact configurations are less documented. After the war T-34-85 Model 1969s tanks remained in Ethiopian service well beyond the 1970s , with some examples reportedly used as late as the Badme War (1998–2000) against Eritrea. This prolonged operational life highlights the durability and continued relevance of the Model 1969 upgrade package , even decades after its initial development.
These tanks from Ogaden are identical to the first example image provided, apart from the wheels. Interesting to note that one of the headlights is a standard projector, placed on the right, while the left light is a blackout projector. Other features such as the hatch, the roof, the box, the fuel drums and the smoke canister holders are also in place.
This particular T-34-85 (1969) was abandoned by Ethiopian forces during the Badme War in the year 2000. It’s unclear whether it was a former captured Somali vehicle from the Ogaden War or part of a later Soviet delivery, but its presence on the battlefield highlights the remarkable longevity of the T-34-85 in active service.
Soviet T-34-85 Model 1969 in Afghanistan
Spoiler
The modified T-34-85 also saw service in Afghanistan, used by both Soviet forces and Soviet-aligned Afghan government troops. Its high gun elevation made it particularly well-suited for mountainous warfare, allowing it to engage targets on steep terrain where more modern Soviet tanks struggled. Additionally, its mechanical simplicity and ease of maintenance meant that it could be quickly mastered by local crews, making it a practical and reliable asset in such a rugged environment.
According to the source, these Soviet-supplied tanks appear to lack the upgraded ventilation system and blackout projectors, while all other key features of the modernization package are present in some form. It’s important to note that the presence of projectors and the enhanced ventilation system are not definitive identifying features of the T-34-85 Model 1969, as their inclusion varied depending on production batch and end-user requirements.
Community Skin: WT Live // Camouflage by FlyingDuckOfSky
Other Conflicts
Spoiler
These wrecks, originating from two different African nations, are clearly identifiable as T-34-85 Model 1969s, as evidenced by the faintly visible side-mounted smoke canister brackets. Despite their worn condition, these features remain key indicators of the 1960s modernization package.
This tank from Yemen features a noticeable gap between the rear left fuel tank mount and the fuel pump box, a detail commonly associated with the T-34-85 Model 1969 configuration. This spacing typically indicates that it was meant to mount these smoke canisters, even if the mounts are missing entirely.
Interestingly, a similar layout has also been observed on Cypriot T-34-85s (T-34-85 (Cyprus)), further supporting the idea that this setup was part of a broader 1960s modernization effort.
Sources:
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Skulski, P. (2015). T-34-85 After WW2: Camouflage and Markings 1946 - 2016. Mushroom Model Publications. Available at: Captcha
Zaloga, S., Kinnear, J. (1996). T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944 - 1994. Osprey Publishing. Available at: https://prussia.online/Data/Book/t-/t-34-85-medium-tank-1944-94/Osprey%20NV%20020%20-%20[20c]%20-%20T-34-85%20Medium%20Tank%201944-94.pdf?utm_source
Modernized medium tanks in the postwar period. Tank T-34-85 arr. 1960
Experienced tank T-34-85 model 1960, "Object 135"
https://www.safar-publishing.com/post/the-legend-itself-t-34-in-soviet-afghan-war
T-34 in Angola: 1970s / 1980s – wwiiafterwwii
the T-34 in Somalia – wwiiafterwwii
T-34-85/Operation Bureau - NamuWiki
