My research

Armen_Lozone · May 20, 2024, 6:14pm

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Pakistan & Bangladesh Ground forces subtree

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Yes
No

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History and Introduction

There have been hard times between our nations, but at our core, we are brothers in more ways than most. This relationship runs deep and has steadily begun to heal. As such, this suggestion is made by both a Pakistani and a Bangladeshi who both love their nation and view the other as brothers.

The Sub tree

The vehicles below with real images are those included in this sub tree suggestion.

A deeper look into the vehicles

T-80UD/BE-1

T-80UD/BE with new welded turret as on T-84. All vehicles come with TVD and some were given 6TD-II engine

T-84 Oplot-P

Al Khalid Varta & LWS demonstrator

Al Zarrar (2020)

T-59 Durjoy

Type-59G(B)

Al Zarrar Phase III

Al Zarrar PT1

Nora B52-K1

Viper IFV

Landcruiser Metis M1

SPADA 2000+

Mouz

Conclusion

China is one of those nations that have so much potential, and the space in their tech tree to have it implemented. This is why utilising the 5th line in the tree for the subtree branch is so appealing. It provides the tree with not just more vehicles, but more diversity in playstyles as well as bolstering lineups with very competitive vehicles. Gaps in lineups can also be filled with Pakistani SPAA, Bangladeshi MBTs and the special Viper IFV, and even a deadly premium autoloading SPH. top top it all off, we have the very desired Oplot-P. I hope this would make it a sub tree worth taking time to research and experience!

Sources

Spoiler

Eurocopter Panther OSIRIS

Sources

F-7PG

F-7PG

Fearless Knight

Strong enough to keep up with the best

Discord

FlaRakRad-Komplex Roland 3

History and Introduction

The Roland air defense missile system was developed in co-operation between Germany and France, specifically, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and Aérospatiale producing the weapon system and EuroMissile producing the Roland 1, 2 and 3 series of missiles.

The story of the Roland in the German air defense duty starts with the FlaRakPz Roland 2. Unlike their French counterparts, the germans chose to delay the induction of the roland until the Roland 2 had been developed. The main difference between the Roland 1 and Roland 2 (systems) is that the Roland 1 was a purely Day time and clear weather system, operating fully on a passive InfraRed tracking sight assisted by a search radar.

Roland 1 prototype for the german army
As can be seen, it does not have a tracking radar

The later prototype for the Roland 1 did not fare much better in their eyes either.

FlaRakPz Roland 1 prototype

The Germans did not consider this satisfactory and thus the Roland 2 was developed with a dedicated Tracking radar in tandem with the IR sight. Initially, the system was only mounted on the Marder chassis in active service.

But this was only for the bundeswehr. The Luftwaffe also needed an air defense system to protect their airfields, for this reason, the same Roland 2 system was mounted on a MAN CAT 1 8x8 truck chassis. While this was a much lighter vehicle by mass as compard to the Marder variant, it was by no means light enough to be air transportable. Thus, a lighter 6x6 chassis was outfitted with the SARO (Roland self contained system). It was named the Roland Luftverlastbar (LVB) used to allow the entire vehicle to be airlifted to far away combat areas.

Named the Roland LVB, the French also created their own version of the LVB.

Spoiler

That brings the total number of Roland variants that were in service for the German military to 3:

FlaRakPz Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB

But theres more… In came the NDV program. In the 1990s, the air threat situation was changing. The rolands were estimated to be retired soon, around 2002-2003 unless changes were made.

So, in the year 2000, Germany awarded a contract to LFK GmbH to upgrade the Roland weapon systems to the NDV standard. In english, basically SLE (service life extension). If accepted into service, the Rolands would remain operational upto 2015.

According to the Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces, the 1 FlaRakPz 1A1 Roland 2 and 2 FlaRakRad 1 Roland 2 vehicles participated in the upgrade. They were designated FlaRakPz 1A2(v?) Roland 2 and FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 respectively. The FlaRakPz 1A2 was the most clearly documented, but the upgrades were similar across both vehicles.

They were given upgraded systems including new digital computers with Mil-Bus connections, an integrated self test system, improvements to missile guidance such as adapted guidance laws for the ROLAND 2 and ROLAND 3 missiles, wireless connection to HFlaAFüSys, multifunction displays and adjustments to peripheral devices, probably including a new “Glaive” IR sight.

Troop trials commenced with the vehicles being tested for their utility up to the year 2003. However, it was decided to retire the Rolands that very same year. The LeFlaSys Ozelot in tandem with its AFF Wiesel 2 radar carrier were the interim successors of the SHORAD complex until the IRIS-T SLS system is adopted into service (which, ironically, has been beated into service by the SLM).

Fla-Rak-Komplex LeFlaSys

Unlike other nations, Germany chose to not spend large amounts of capital in acquiring more upgrades but instead opted for the NDV program (as explained above) which they also dropped out of later. However, just a bit before that, Euromissile had upgraded one FlaRakRad system to the brand new Roland 3 standard. This incorporated an extra 2 ready to launch missile tubes above the original ones and upgraded the electro-optical sensors. You can read more about it in the FlaRakRad Roland 3 suggestion. According to sources, the Roland 3 weapon system by Euromissile comes stock with compatibility to the VT-1, RM5 (Roland Mach 5) and HFK-KV Roland (see below) missiles.

The system that completes this Fla-Rak-Rad-Komplex is the is the LÜR.

Produced by Hensoldt, the Luftraum Überwachungs Radar (LÜR) is, similar to the FGR, although more advanced in the sense that it has a 3D AESA radar system, called TRMS, with longer range and better performance. Intended for surveilling larger areas, it provides more comprehensive air defense awareness for all systems including Rolands and the boader HFlaAFÜSys (Heeresflugabwehraufklärungs und Gefechtsführungssystem). The tradeoff being that it does not posses any self concealing techniques such as smoke grenades. It, just like the FGR, can operate its radar on its rooftop as well as with the mast extended.

All things considered, the main star of the show is arguably the missile component of this system. Allow me to re-introduce, the HFK-KV: The Ultimate Roland. A missile to give even the new Pantsir a run for its money (and lose that run). For it can not only out accelerate the russian missile (0 to mach 5 in 1 second), but also out speed it (Mach 7+ max speed), out G-overload it (100G), out range it (50km max)(how much better can it get? (a bit more)), out explosive it (5Kg) AND it has an IIR seeker for guidance during the last 2 seconds. Yeah, its a beast, go check it out!

Complete list of all German Roland variants

FlaRakPz Roland 1 (RU243 chassis)
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 1
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 2
FlaRakPz 1A2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB
FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 3
FlaRakRad/Pz VT-1 compatibility testbed

Specifications: LÜR

Crew: 3 (Commander, Radio operator, Driver)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass: 24.2t
Length: 9.98m
Width: 2.5m
Height: 2.98m
Mast height: 12m

—Mobility—
Engine: V-8 Diesel (turbo)
Engine Power: 360 hp

—Radar—
3D AESA Radar
Band: C-Band
Cycles: 13-26rpm (two modes)
Radar search range: 100km
Radar search altitude: 10km
Maximum tracked targets: 4000
Maximum targets engaged targets: ?

Specifications: FlaRakRad Roland 3

Crew: 3+1 (Commander, Gunner, Radio operator) +Driver (but roles may be overlapping)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass (SARO + truck): 27.5t
Length: 9.75m
Width / with mirror: 2.9m / 3.3m
Height / Search radar active: 3.95m / 5.52m

—Mobility—
Engine power: 360hp (236kW)
Top speed: 80kmph
Wading depth: 1.20m
Carrier vehicle: 15t MAN CAT I A1 (8x8)

—Ammunition—
Types: Roland 2, Roland 3, VT-1, HFK-KV
Number of missiles: 4 ready + 8 in magazine

—Search Radar—
Siemens MPDR-16 Pulse Doppler radar
Band: D-Band
Radar search range: 16km
Radar search altitude: 3km

—Tracking Radar—
Thomson-CSF Domino 30 Monopulse radar
Band: J-Band
Radar track range: 16km
Radar track altitude: 16km

—Self protection—
Smoke grenades: 16 (4 + 4 front, 4 + 4 rear)

—Equipment—
TVD: Yes
Stabiliser: Yes

Photo Gallery

LÜR

Sources

Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland NDV program (limited availability on request)
Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland weapon system stabiliser (limited availability on request)
EADS Roland NDV project description document (2003)
Defense-Aerospace
Forecast international
Wehrtechnik, 1987/10
Forecast international: MPDR 3002 S radar
Forecast international
https://www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/Radar%20&%20Electronic%20Warefare.pdf
Roland (Waffensystem) – Wikipedia
LÜR – Wikipedia
TRML - Wikipedia -EN/DE- Nahbereichsradar – Wikipedia
FlaRakGrp42: Roland FGR
FlaRakGrp42: Roland FRR
Der Marder feiert in 2021 sein 50-jähriges | Rheinmetall
FlaRakSys ROLAND 1 - FGR (Bw)
TRM-S - Radartutorial
TRML-2D - Radartutorial
ROLAND
frr-8.de_startseite
http://www.flak11.de
http://www.tla-der-nva.de
http://www.dsu-22.de
SERVOWATT: Glossar | LÜR Luftraum Überwachungs Radar

—Voting Area—

Would you like to see this in game?

Yes
No

0 voters

What BR should it inhabit?

12.0
12.3
12.7
13.0
I voted no

0 voters

—Thank you for reading!—

The Roland family hopes to see you again!

Armen_Lozone · May 20, 2024, 7:14pm

Spoiler

Eurocopter Panther OSIRIS

Sources

F-7PG

F-7PG

Fearless Knight

Strong enough to keep up with the best

Discord

Fla-Rak-Rad-Komplex Roland 2 NDV

History and Introduction

The Roland air defense missile system was developed in co-operation between Germany and France, specifically, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and Aérospatiale producing the weapon system and EuroMissile producing the Roland 1, 2 and 3 series of missiles.

The story of the Roland in the German air defense duty starts with the FlaRakPz Roland 2. Unlike their French counterparts, the germans chose to delay the induction of the roland until the Roland 2 had been developed. The main difference between the Roland 1 and Roland 2 (systems) is that the Roland 1 was a purely Day time and clear weather system, operating fully on a passive InfraRed tracking sight assisted by a search radar.

Roland 1 prototype for the german army
As can be seen, it does not have a tracking radar

The later prototype for the Roland 1 did not fare much better in their eyes either.

FlaRakPz Roland 1 prototype

The Germans did not consider this satisfactory and thus the Roland 2 was developed with a dedicated Tracking radar in tandem with the IR sight. Initially, the system was only mounted on the Marder chassis in active service.

But this was only for the bundeswehr. The Luftwaffe also needed an air defense system to protect their airfields, for this reason, the same Roland 2 system was mounted on a MAN CAT 1 8x8 truck chassis. While this was a much lighter vehicle by mass as compard to the Marder variant, it was by no means light enough to be air transportable. Thus, a lighter 6x6 chassis was outfitted with the SARO (Roland self contained system). It was named the Roland Luftverlastbar (LVB) used to allow the entire vehicle to be airlifted to far away combat areas.

Named the Roland LVB, the French also created their own version of the LVB.

Spoiler

That brings the total number of Roland variants that were in service for the German military to 3:

FlaRakPz Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB

But theres more… In came the NDV program. In the 1990s, the air threat situation was changing. The rolands were estimated to be retired soon, around 2002-2003 unless changes were made.

So, in the year 2000, Germany awarded a contract to LFK GmbH to upgrade the Roland weapon systems to the NDV standard. In english, basically SLE (service life extension). If accepted into service, the Rolands would remain operational upto 2015.

According to the Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces, the 1 FlaRakPz 1A1 Roland 2 and 2 FlaRakRad 1 Roland 2 vehicles participated in the upgrade. They were designated FlaRakPz 1A2(v?) Roland 2 and FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 respectively. The FlaRakPz 1A2 was the most clearly documented, but the upgrades were similar across both vehicles.

They were given upgraded systems including new digital computers with Mil-Bus connections, an integrated self test system, improvements to missile guidance such as adapted guidance laws for the ROLAND 2 and ROLAND 3 missiles, wireless connection to HFlaAFüSys, multifunction displays and adjustments to peripheral devices, probably including a new “Glaive” IR sight.

Troop trials commenced with the vehicles being tested for their utility up to the year 2003. However, it was decided to retire the Rolands that very same year. The LeFlaSys Ozelot in tandem with its AFF Wiesel 2 radar carrier were the interim successors of the SHORAD complex until the IRIS-T SLS system is adopted into service (which, ironically, has been beated into service by the SLM).

Fla-Rak-Komplex LeFlaSys

The system that completes the Fla-Rak-Rad-Komplex is the Flugabwehrgefechtsstand ROLAND (FGR).

The FGR is an air defense radar system manufactured by Hensoldt. The Radar designation is TRML-2D and was deployed in tandem with the FlaRakRad (FRR) Roland 2 (later FRR Roland 2 NDV) air defense missile system as a long range surveillance, early warning, acquisition-targeting and Command and Control center for the Luftwaffe.

It posseses functions that the Rolands themselves did not have, such as TWS. The antenna above the main radar is not an IFF (which is integrated into the main dish), but rather an omnidirectional sidelobe suppressor. It has a dedicated helicopter detection function which allows it to search for and track low flying, low speed targets including helis, ARMs, slow aircraft even among ECM. It’s mast can deploy to a height of 12 meters but the radar can operate both with the mast folded and extended (at raised and at roof height).

It can communicate with upto 40 various air defense systems with dedicated channels for Rolands (upto 10 FRR to 1 FGR).

The benefit of this complex is that while the entire system is amplified by the main FGR, each of the Rolands can operate independently as well.

Extra reading

The Germans were offered and trialled many variants of the roland system, among them being the Roland 3. What is important to note is that there is a series of missiles named Roland 1, 2 and 3, AND there is a series of systems known as Roland 1, 2 and 3. As stated above, the Roland 1 lacked a tracking radar, which Roland 2 incorporated, and Roland 3 added 2 more launch tubes for the missiles.

The VT-1 missile is actually not part of the Roland missile family, but rather is from Thales and was made compatible into a German Roland system by Euromissile (which was not authorised by Thales and got Euromissile sued but they won the case and got the freedom to offer the integration of the VT-1 to their customers).

Complete list of all German Roland variants

FlaRakPz Roland 1 (RU243 chassis)
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 1
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 2
FlaRakPz 1A2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB
FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 3
FlaRakRad/Pz VT-1 compatibility testbed

Specifications: FGR

Crew: 3 (Commander, Radio operator, Driver)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass: 27.275t
Length: 11.20m
Width / with mirror: 2.9m / 3.3m
Height: 3.9m
Mast height: 11.5m

—Mobility—
Engine: V-8 Diesel (turbo)
Engine Power: 360 hp

—Radar—
2D Pulse Doppler radar
Band: G-Band
Cycles: 13-27rpm (two modes)
Radar search range: 60km
Radar search altitude: 6km
Maximum tracked targets: 127
Maximum targets engaged targets: 50

—Self protection—
Smoke grenades: 16 (4 + 4 right side, 4 + 4 left side)

Specifications: FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 NDV

Crew: 3+1 (Commander, Gunner, Radio operator) +Driver (but roles may be overlapping)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass (SARO + truck): 27.5t
Length: 9.75m
Width / with mirror: 2.9m / 3.3m
Height / Search radar active: 3.95m / 5.52m

—Mobility—
Engine power: 360hp (236kW)
Top speed: 80kmph
Wading depth: 1.20m
Carrier vehicle: 15t MAN CAT I A1 (8x8)

—Ammunition—
Types: Roland 2, Roland 3
Number of missiles: 2 ready + 8 in magazine

—Search Radar—
Siemens MPDR-16 Pulse Doppler radar
Band: D-Band
Radar search range: 16km
Radar search altitude: 3km

—Tracking Radar—
Thomson-CSF Domino 30 Monopulse radar
Band: J-Band
Radar track range: 16km
Radar track altitude: 16km

—Self protection—
Smoke grenades: 16 (4 + 4 front, 4 + 4 rear)

—Equipment—
TVD: Yes
Stabiliser: Yes

Photo Gallery

FGR

FGR Radar Mast Full Unfolding sequence

FGR Crew Cabin Interior

FlaRakRad Roland 2 NDV

DISCLAIMER: It is impossible to tell apart a FlaRakRad NDV and base model FlaRakRad (afaik)

Sources

Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland NDV program (limited availability on request)
Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland weapon system stabiliser (limited availability on request)
EADS Roland NDV project description document (2003)
Defense-Aerospace
Forecast international
Wehrtechnik, 1987/10
Forecast international: MPDR 3002 S radar
Forecast international
https://www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/Radar%20&%20Electronic%20Warefare.pdf
Roland (Waffensystem) – Wikipedia
TRML - Wikipedia -EN/DE- Nahbereichsradar – Wikipedia
FlaRakGrp42: Roland FGR
FlaRakGrp42: Roland FRR
Der Marder feiert in 2021 sein 50-jähriges | Rheinmetall
FlaRakSys ROLAND 1 - FGR (Bw)
TRM-S - Radartutorial
TRML-2D - Radartutorial
ROLAND
frr-8.de_startseite
http://www.flak11.de
http://www.tla-der-nva.de
http://www.dsu-22.de
SERVOWATT: Glossar | LÜR Luftraum Überwachungs Radar

—Voting Area—

Would you like to see this in game?

Yes
No

0 voters

What BR should it inhabit?

11.3
11.7
12.0
12.3
I voted no

0 voters

—Thank you for reading!—

The Roland family hopes to see you again!

Armen_Lozone · May 20, 2024, 8:10pm

Fla-Rak-Komplex Pz-Roland 2 NDV

History and Introduction

The Roland air defense missile system was developed in co-operation between Germany and France, specifically, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and Aérospatiale producing the weapon system and EuroMissile producing the Roland 1, 2 and 3 series of missiles.

The story of the Roland in the German air defense duty starts with the FlaRakPz Roland 2. Unlike their French counterparts, the germans chose to delay the induction of the roland until the Roland 2 had been developed. The main difference between the Roland 1 and Roland 2 (systems) is that the Roland 1 was a purely Day time and clear weather system, operating fully on a passive InfraRed tracking sight assisted by a search radar.

Roland 1 prototype for the german army
As can be seen, it does not have a tracking radar

The later prototype for the Roland 1 did not fare much better in their eyes either.

FlaRakPz Roland 1 prototype

The Germans did not consider this satisfactory and thus the Roland 2 was developed with a dedicated Tracking radar in tandem with the IR sight. Initially, the system was only mounted on the Marder chassis in active service.

But this was only for the bundeswehr. The Luftwaffe also needed an air defense system to protect their airfields, for this reason, the same Roland 2 system was mounted on a MAN CAT 1 8x8 truck chassis. While this was a much lighter vehicle by mass as compard to the Marder variant, it was by no means light enough to be air transportable. Thus, a lighter 6x6 chassis was outfitted with the SARO (Roland self contained system). It was named the Roland Luftverlastbar (LVB) used to allow the entire vehicle to be airlifted to far away combat areas.

Named the Roland LVB, the French also created their own version of the LVB.

Spoiler

That brings the total number of Roland variants that were in service for the German military to 3:

FlaRakPz Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB

But theres more… In came the NDV program. In the 1990s, the air threat situation was changing. The rolands were estimated to be retired soon, around 2002-2003 unless changes were made.

So, in the year 2000, Germany awarded a contract to LFK GmbH to upgrade the Roland weapon systems to the NDV standard. In english, basically SLE (service life extension). If accepted into service, the Rolands would remain operational upto 2015.

According to the Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces, the 1 FlaRakPz 1A1 Roland 2 and 2 FlaRakRad 1 Roland 2 vehicles participated in the upgrade. They were designated FlaRakPz 1A2(v?) Roland 2 and FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 respectively. The FlaRakPz 1A2 was the most clearly documented, but the upgrades were similar across both vehicles.

They were given upgraded systems including new digital computers with Mil-Bus connections, an integrated self test system, improvements to missile guidance such as adapted guidance laws for the ROLAND 2 and ROLAND 3 missiles, wireless connection to HFlaAFüSys, multifunction displays and adjustments to peripheral devices, probably including a new “Glaive” IR sight.

Troop trials commenced with the vehicles being tested for their utility up to the year 2003. However, it was decided to retire the Rolands that very same year. The LeFlaSys Ozelot in tandem with its AFF Wiesel 2 radar carrier were the interim successors of the SHORAD complex until the IRIS-T SLS system is adopted into service (which, ironically, has been beated into service by the SLM).

Fla-Rak-Komplex LeFlaSys

The system that completes the Fla-Rak-Pz-Komplex Roland 2 NDV is the Radar Panzer Tiefflieger Überwachungsradar. It is a highly modified Marder/TH-301 chassis equipped with an extending arm which hosts a Siemens 2D Pulse Doppler radar. It can provide early warning and target acquisition and designation functions as well as TWS for the combined air defence systems in the area including gun based SPAAGs and static Skyguard systems and similar.
The Tiefflieger Überwachungsradar (TÜR) was intended to be deployed, 1 per each roland regiment, however, the TÜR never fully satisfied the Bundeswehrs demands and was not adopted into service. as a low flying aircraft surveillance radar.

Complete list of all German Roland variants

FlaRakPz Roland 1 (RU243 chassis)
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 1
FlaRakPz 1 Roland 2
FlaRakPz 1A2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 2
FlaRakRad Roland 2 LVB
FlaRakRad 2 Roland 2 NDV
FlaRakRad Roland 3
FlaRakRad/Pz VT-1 compatibility testbed

Specifications: TÜR

Crew: 3 (Commander, Radio operator, Driver)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass: 35t
Length: 7.2m
Width: 3.27m
Height: 3.58m
Mast height: 11.5m

—Mobility—
Engine: 6 cylinder Diesel MB 833 Ea-500
Engine power: 600PS

—Radar—
Siemens MPDR 3002-S 2D Pulse Doppler radar
Band: D-Band
Cycles: 40rpm (two modes)
Radar search range: 30km
Radar search altitude: 3km
Maximum tracked targets:
Maximum targets engaged targets:

—Self protection—
Smoke grenades: 8 (4 right side, 4 left side)

Specifications: FlaRakPz 1A2 Roland 2 NDV

Crew: 3 (Commander, Gunner, Driver)

—Dimensions and mass—
Mass: 32.5t
Length: 9.75m

—Mobility—
Engine power: 600hp
Top speed: 75kmph

—Ammunition—
Types: Roland 2, Roland 3
Number of missiles: 2 ready + 8 in magazine

—Search Radar—
Siemens MPDR-16 Pulse Doppler radar
Band: D-Band
Radar search range: 16km
Radar search altitude: 3km

—Tracking Radar—
Thomson-CSF Domino 30 Monopulse radar
Band: J-Band
Radar track range: 16km
Radar track altitude: 16km

—Self protection—
Smoke grenades: 8 (4 right side, 4 left side)

—Equipment—
TVD: Yes
Stabiliser: Yes

Photo Gallery

TÜR

Sources

FLaRakSys ROLAND 1 (Bw)
Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland NDV program (limited availability on request)
Direct correspondence with Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces: Roland weapon system stabiliser (limited availability on request)
EADS Roland NDV project description document (2003)
Defense-Aerospace
Forecast international
Wehrtechnik 1987/03
Forecast international: MPDR 3002 S radar
Forecast international
Ulrich´s Referenzbilder - Marder 1
https://www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/Radar%20&%20Electronic%20Warefare.pdf
Roland (Waffensystem) – Wikipedia
TÜR – Wikipedia
TRML - Wikipedia -EN/DE- Nahbereichsradar – Wikipedia
Der Marder feiert in 2021 sein 50-jähriges | Rheinmetall
FlaRakSys ROLAND 1 - FGR (Bw)
TRM-S - Radartutorial
TRML-2D - Radartutorial
ROLAND
frr-8.de_startseite
http://www.flak11.de
http://www.tla-der-nva.de
http://www.dsu-22.de

Would you like to see this in game?

Yes
No

0 voters

What BR should it inhabit?

10.7
11.0
11.3
I voted no

0 voters

—Thank you for reading!—

The Roland family hopes to see you again!

Armen_Lozone · May 20, 2024, 8:43pm

Pakistani Vehicles

Sea Fury FB.60

http://www.pafsqk.yolasite.com/fury.php
Aviation Historian 1

F-104A

The Pakistani F-104As were fitted with more powerful J-79-11A engines.

RB-57F

The replacement of the Wright J65 turbojets with Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-11 turbofan engines. The TF33s gave the aircraft more than double the thrust of the B model. The RB-57F was also fitted with two detachable Pratt & Whitney J60-P-9 turbojets mounted in pods attached to the wings outboard of the main engines. These auxiliary engines were air-started and only for use at altitude in flight. At altitudes above 40,000 feet (12,000 m), the J60s generated about 3,300 pounds-force (15 kN) of thrust each and increased the maximum altitude of the RB-57F by 2,000–3,000 feet (610–910 m)

EC AS550 C3

https://youtu.be/deSpPu78bt0

SPADA 2000 Plus

Discord

Pakistan SPADA 2000 system:
Target intercept Range: 20-25km
Guidance method: SARH
Missiles ready to launch: 6

Al Zarrar Prototype 1

MAIN BATTLE TANKS IN ASIA | Asian Defence News Articles | Defence Review Asia

Al Zarrar III

MAIN BATTLE TANKS IN ASIA | Asian Defence News Articles | Defence Review Asia

https://depo.gov.pk/download/catalogue/public/HIT.pdf
ffffffforum.warthunder.com/t/al-zarrar-mbt-pakistan/45324

Al Khalid II

MAIN BATTLE TANKS IN ASIA | Asian Defence News Articles | Defence Review Asia

An Al-Khalid II is in early developmental stages as well, with redesigned turret, modular armour and 1,500hp power pack. Approximately 50 Chinese engineers are now in Pakistan working with HIT on various projects. The Al-Khalid is a license-built version of the Chinese MBT-2000, but HIT has been annoyed that China is marketing it without Pakistani permission. Thus, HIT signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Norinco at IDEAS 2012 in Karachi on 8 November regarding Al-Khalid exports. This MoU arranges for joint marketing, profit sharing and ongoing technology transfer. A HIT spokesman said potential Al-Khalid export markets are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Middle East. However, the company acknowledged sales in a competitive international arena are a very difficult prospect.

VT-4/Al Haider style Turret face ERA blocks, 6TD-III 1500hp engine, (assumed → ) new ammo, better ERA coverage on turret roof and UFP.

Researching all Al-Khalid variants ever made
KMDB - Tank Power Pack with 6TD-2 Engine
Overview: Al-Khalid 2 main battle tank program - Quwa
Discord

Al Khalid I (M)

Heavy Idustries Taxila Al Khalid I (M)

Champion of a nation

History and Introduction

The Al-Khalid Main Battle Tank is a joint development of Pakistan and China, stemming from the older Type-90-II Project which yeilded 4 prototypes. There is uncertainty about whether Pakistan and China had access to the same 4 prototypes or they had their own pack of 4, however the major details are similar enough for this story to be told.

“The Dark Knight”

As you may take note, the front “beak” of the Hull is also equipped with ERA, increasing the protection standard all throughout the frontal arc.

Photo Gallery ERA configuration

Also images of similar Hull ERA config on older prototypes:

Sources

Al Khalid INTERMAT

INTERMAT Camouflage

In 2017-18 Pakistan Army collaborated with INTERMAT Defense to apply their IR reduction stealth coating on two Al Khalid Main Battle Tanks. The trials saw the vehicles being tested in various environments as well as against another Al Khalid which did not have the coating applied.

Here you can see the tanks being applied with primer:
https://youtu.be/pUvfT2-sVsQ

After the primer has been application completed, the coating was applied:

Here you can see the trials results of the comparison between coated tank and uncoated tank, second photograph showing the two Al Khalids in standard white hot TVD processing:

Photo Gallery INTERMAT

INTERMAT Defense

https://intermatdefense.com/datafiles/mod_files/cmiq4048185613433006ba129.pdf
https://intermatdefense.com
Intermat Defense - Photo Gallery
https://youtu.be/pUvfT2-sVsQ

Armen_Lozone · May 21, 2024, 5:06pm

German Vehicles

Jagdtiger Gasturbine

Gas Turbine Jagdtiger - The Tank Museum

Jagdpanther 88mm(with 3-round ready rack/ram-loader mechanism)

Tiger II Stabiliser Modification

https://invenio.bundesarchiv.de/invenio/direktlink/cca280d2-8b48-49f8-aa86-17c47b77b1ed

M-48 mit Leopard 2 turm

ладно с этим разобрались, а это что за тевтонский гений сделал…

Leopard 2 140 (T19)

German prototype Leopard 2 turret on a Leopard 1 hull. The Versuchsträger Mit Turm T19. From what I have been able to find it was a modified 2AV turret used as a testbed for a bustle auto loader. The 120mm gun is missing the thermal sleeve and fume extractor.

Running model of the test vehicle with the T 19 (Leopard 2 AV) turret, in which the Rheinmetall / Wegmann & Co automatic loader was installed for dynamic testing in 1983.

KWS I focused on the installation of a 120mm L/55 gun and the use of new, advanced ammunition (with muzzle velocity of up to 1800 m/s)
KWS II focused on additional armour (both turret and hull), crew protection systems and advanced battlefield electronics
KWS III focused on the then-developed 140mm gun to replace the 120mm Rheinmetall smoothbore and the integration of the IFIS system from the Leopard 2 IVT phase

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiSgayft6WLAxVhcGwGHQAZAPIQFnoECBsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.warthunder.com%2Ft%2Fhigh-caliber-projects-discussion-and-implementation%2F11001&usg=AOvVaw1yf69IV5UdIa2s6krwXNCg&opi=89978449
(also check post 33 by dragoon)
https://sturgeonshouse.ipbhost.com/topic/1527-the-leopard-2-thread/page/42/
СТАЛЬ И ОГОНЬ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ ТАНКИ: Из истории танкостроения ФРГ.
file:///C:/Users/DELL/Desktop/hobby%20projects/PDFs/345212317-Leopard-2-En.pdf

F/GVT-02

The Cold War JagdTiger

Images

Leo 3 program

many tanks have been put up for the leopard 3 title, even the KF-51 Panther, whether officially by the companies or by news outlets, calling many a tank the successor of the famed leopard 2, but as of now, no one solution has taken the name for sure. hopes lie on the MGCS for now. lets see what becomes of that, however, lets introduce a competitor who lost the title for Leopard 3.

text from post 0

The tank, which was supposed to replace the Leopard 2. The tank had two versions - VT-1-1 (photo 3-4) (with two 105mm guns) and VT-1-2 (photo 1-2) (with two 120mm guns), and the VT-1-1 had both barrels automatically loaded, while the VT-1-2 had one gun loaded manually. The tanks also differed in engine power - the VT-1-1 had a 2000 hp engine, and the VT-1-2 had a 2200 hp engine.

text from post 1

Today we will talk about completely perverted German fantasies, namely about the VT1-1 and VT1-2 tanks, or as they were also called “Leopard 3” (not to be confused with the future MBT). It was in the early 70s, with the MBT-70 project things somehow did not work out right away, they did not share the gun, engine and other units. But a new main battle tank was still needed. And it was very necessary, since tankers somehow did not particularly show a desire to fight on spotted cats 1 against the new-fangled Soviet T-64. All Western military personnel were shocked by the sixty-fours.

As a result, the Germans continued working on a new tank with a standard layout. But there were some particularly clever ones, like engineer Wolfgang Matos, who headed his own project for a new tank. He considered the standard layout to be obsolete and did not particularly believe in the prospects of the Leopard being developed in a neighboring project. As a result, they developed a new tank with a turretless layout. And apparently they thought then that one gun is good, but two are better. Therefore, they stuffed two guns into both prototypes, on the left and right sides of the vehicle. The guns were aimed vertically using a drive, and horizontally by turning the hull. At a range of 1.5 km, the axes of the guns intersected.

The first prototype VT1-1 was equipped with two well-known English L7 guns. Each gun was equipped with an automatic loading system, a trend of the time, and still cool today. The second prototype VT1-2 was even more terrifying: it carried two 120mm Rh 120 guns, one with automatic loading, the second with manual, because the gloomy genius was unable to make a mirror copy of the AZ. Both vehicles were equipped with a PERI R12 sight, which was borrowed from a neighboring project. When firing while standing, the vehicle showed better results compared to turret tanks. But firing on the move became a problem, although this was clear even at the sketch stage. The tank could not aim normally on the move in the horizontal plane, when firing, the vehicle rocked and skidded strongly, the trajectory of movement changed, it was difficult for the driver to control the equipment in such conditions.

In terms of mobility, everything was fine. The vehicles inherited the chassis from the KPz-70 with hydropneumatic suspension, but the hull was shortened and one support roller was removed. A 1,500-horsepower engine was used as a power plant, yes, again taken from a neighboring project. The engine was initially boosted to 2,000 hp and installed on the VT1-1. And on the VT1-2 it was boosted even more, reaching a power of 2,200 hp. The mass of the vehicle was 38-40 tons, which, combined with such powerful engines, gave an incredible 53 hp/t. Modern MBTs, and what’s more, even light tanks smoke on the sidelines. Therefore, the vehicle was very mobile.

The crew consisted of 3 people: commander, gunner and driver. The driver was located in the center at the front of the hull. Behind him were the commander and gunner, to the left of the tank’s axis. The armor was not seriously considered, the Germans still believed that “barnya nenadka!” and relied on firepower and mobility, let me remind you, 2 guns with an automatic loader and 53 horses per ton. Experimental models were made of regular steel, not armored steel, which saved weight. A real tank would have weighed 2-4 tons more. After a lull, in the 80s the project was revisited and several more GVT prototypes were made, on which the guns were moved closer to the center and the internal layout was changed, on some variants the chassis was lengthened.

From 1972 to 1976, the VT1 underwent a test cycle. During this time, they drove many kilometers, fired a lot of shots, etc. As a result, it was impossible to shoot normally on the move, the layout was strange, the neighboring project showed good results. Later, the spotted cat two was born, and the military came to the conclusion that why the hell do we need this, it is better to modernize the Leopard 2. Therefore, the Leopard 3 project was abandoned. In the 80s, they returned to the project again, tested the GVT and eventually closed the project completely and decided to improve the Leopard 2, and thank God. But the double-barreled tank was developed as a promising replacement for the Leopard 2.

text from post 2

Experimental two-gun tank VT1

In the early 1970s, the MaK (Maschinenbau Kiel) company began to consider the prospects of modern tanks on its own initiative. It was assumed that the vehicle being developed, designated VT1 (German: Versuchstrager 1 - test model), would be ready by the time its “peer” Leopard 2 began to become obsolete.

During the analysis of the existing designs, MaK analysts and engineers came to the conclusion that the existing tank layout with a rotating turret and only one gun was no longer capable of providing the necessary firepower. In addition, the success of the Swedish turretless Strv 103 tank, which managed to combine sufficient firepower (105-mm gun) with good performance, maneuverability and protection, had an effect.

True, the rigid fastening of the gun required a significantly more complicated suspension: vertical aiming was carried out by skewing the entire hull. German engineers decided to adopt the idea of a tank without a turret, but at the same time not to be clever with the aiming of the gun. At the same time, a group of engineers led by Wolfgang Matos came to the conclusion that it was necessary to install two guns on the prospective tank at once. According to the designers, it was not possible to achieve a significant increase in combat qualities by other means.

The experimental MBT-70 tank was chosen as the basis for the new experimental design. This armored vehicle was not suitable for serial production, but was attractive for use in experimental work on the VT1 topic. In accordance with the turretless layout of the future tank, the chassis was shortened, due to which instead of six road wheels per side there were only five.

The hydropneumatic suspension was modified accordingly. The MBT-70 tank’s native Continental AVCR-1100-3 diesel engine was replaced by an MB 873 Ra-500 diesel engine. The new engine could operate continuously, producing one and a half thousand horsepower, and “accelerate” to 2175 hp in a short time.

At the same time, in emergency mode, the 38-ton tank had a specific power of over 50 hp per ton of weight. This is approximately twice as high as most modern tanks. One of the reasons for the high specific power was the comparatively low weight of the structure. Given the experimental nature of the project, MaK engineers made experimental tanks not from special armor steel, but from lighter “regular” grades. In this way, about 2-4 tons of weight were saved. An armored cabin was installed on the modified chassis of the MBT-70 tank. It is noteworthy that with a comparatively large internal volume, it did not have very large dimensions. The overall height of the VT1 was slightly more than two meters, which was more than 80 centimeters less than the original MBT-70.

In 1972, the assembly of the first prototypes of the VT1-1 tank was completed. The first example was equipped with two 105-mm rifled L7 guns. Both guns had automatic loaders.

The VT1-2 tank, in turn, received 120-mm smoothbore Rh-120 guns. However, only one gun was equipped with an automatic loader. The fact is that during the development of the new tank, the designers of Maschinenbau Kiel were unable to produce a mirror version of this unit. Therefore, one gun was loaded automatically, and the second was fed shells and cartridges by the crew manually. The design of the gun mounts on the VT1-1 and VT1-2 tanks is interesting. On both vehicles, the guns had the ability to only aim vertically. The guns did not move horizontally. In addition, they were installed with a small convergence angle: the aiming lines intersected at a distance of 1,500 meters.

Testing of the two prototypes continued until 1976. During this time, the tanks traveled thousands of kilometers across the testing ground and fired hundreds of shots. First of all, it became clear that the VT1-1, due to its very concept, was not capable of firing more or less accurately on the move. When firing from one gun, the recoil slightly turned the tank around the vertical axis, which had to be countered by turning the entire tank. This problem was only aggravated by the lack of sighting devices for the driver.

Only the commander and gunner had Carl Zeiss PERI R12 periscope sights. Naturally, in combination with the lack of horizontal aiming of the guns, this greatly complicated firing. In addition, the design strength limitations did not allow both guns to be fired simultaneously. Thus, the only way to somehow eliminate the tank turning during firing was “prohibited” by the design itself. It is noteworthy that on the above-mentioned Swedish Strv 103 tank, aiming was carried out by the driver. For this purpose, he had a sight and controls for the hull tilt.

Sources

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VAK-191

VAK 191B

slogan

history header

Introduction

Propulsion

The propulsion was provided by a Rolls-Royce/MTU RB.193-12 swivel jet engine and two Rolls-Royce RB.162-81 lift engines. The RB.193 lift/cruise engine was a two-shaft turbofan similar to the Bristol Siddeley Pegasus of the Kestrel/Harrier. It had four rotating side nozzles, which were adjusted by a Plessey pneumatic motor via cardan shafts and chains over a swivel range of 95 degrees. The air intake was optimized for cruising at Mach 0.92, but offered an additional opening for hovering and slow flight thanks to a movable front section. The two RB.162-81 lift engines were installed at a rearward incline of 12.5 degrees. In later versions, their jets were to be deflected by fuselage flaps.

Thrust and lift

The designers were convinced that this division between lift/thrust and lift engines represented the best compromise between the required take-off power and economical fuel consumption in high-speed flight. In terms of their arrangement, they offered positive ground effects, at least compared to a design with separate lift and thrust engines.

For control and stabilization in hover and transition flight, air was taken from all engines and blown out separately via a redundant pipe system at the wing tips and at the fuselage nose and tail to generate torque. The air nozzles required for this were directly connected to the rudders.

Control

The control torques in the pitch axis were further increased by modulating the thrusts of the two lift engines. In the event of a lift engine failure, the automatic flight control system would have taken over control of the remaining lift thrust and kept the aircraft in a horizontal position to enable the pilot to eject using the Martin Baker Mk 9 ejection seat in a normal flight attitude.

The pilot’s commands on the VAK 191 B were not transmitted mechanically to the rudder servo motors, but electrically, with triple redundancy using a flight controller - known today as fly-by-wire. In the event of a total failure of the electrical flight control, the rudder servo motors could still be controlled mechanically by automatically closing a clutch. The high-pressure hydraulic system worked at 4000 psi, a value that is rarely achieved even today.

Due to the requirement With regard to the range at transonic cruising speeds close to the ground, particular attention was paid during the design to ensuring that the pilot should only be exposed to a tolerable level of acceleration in gusty weather. For this purpose, wings with a high wing loading, a small aspect ratio and a relatively large leading edge sweep were chosen, which were arranged in a high position due to the central position of the swivel jet engine and had a negative V position.

To reduce the conventional landing speed and to shorten the transition distances, the wing was equipped with trailing edge camber flaps. In addition, the ailerons could be deflected downwards in the same direction. The landing gear, fitted with low-pressure tires, had brakes in the nose and main gear and nose wheel steering. A braking parachute was provided to shorten the roll-out distance during a horizontal landing.

Compared to Harrier

Previously called the FW 1262

The VAK 191 B V2 is now in the Defense Technology Study Collection in Koblenz.

Armament

The cargo area under the main engine was four meters long, 88 cm wide and 60 cm high. It was to be equipped with equipment sets pre-loaded on the ground. The early brochures of the Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke list armament alternatives such as:

2 x 450 kg bombs plus 115 kg equipment
4 x 225 kg bombs
2 extendable rocket launchers, each with 54 x 70mm rockets.

Camera systems or on-board cannons and a 1700 l tank were also conceivable. Ultimately, however, an extensive on-board measuring and telemetry system was installed here, which made it possible to record, process, save and transmit the data generated during testing to a ground station. Of the total of 450 possible measured values, 260 could be recorded simultaneously on PCM and FM channels.

Other armament options include:

2 x Kormoran Anti ship missiles

Technical data

Manufacturer: VFW (later VFW-Fokker), Bremen
Crew: 1 on Martin-Baker ejection seat
Engine: 1 x Rolls-Royce/MTU RB.193-12 plus 2 x Rolls-Royce RB.162-81 F 08
Thrust: 1 x 45.2 kN plus 2 x 26.65 kN
Length: 14.72 m
Height: 4.30 m
Wingspan: 6.16 m
Wing area: 12.5 m2
Empty weight: 5562 kg
Max. fuel: 2100 kg
Max. take-off weight: 8507 kg
Maximum speed: 1100 km/h
Cruising speed: 740 km/h (test flights only up to 665 km/h)
Climb rate: 36 m/s
Service ceiling: 14,500 m
Range: 370 – 400 km

Images

Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00yHhvjrJj0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q613kD_lrjo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDKEfdd8dhQ

Sources

Wehrtechnik 1972-09

Gepard '2' Prototype

Gepard ‘2’ Prototype

Spoiler

I believe one Gepard 1A2 was the prototype for the new sight system as can be seen below

Comparison with Gepard 1A2

Here are a two images of the standard Gepard 1A2 in comparison with the prototype. As you can see, they are not the same.

Sources

Soldat und Technik 12/1992

Jane's land-based air defence 1992

Janes Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94

https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/row/weg2001.pdf
Flakpanzer Gepard upgrades | Secret Projects Forum
Gepard The History Of German Anti Aircraft Tanks (in pdfs folder)

Diehl BMP-3

Diehl BMP-3 PDU

East and West, together we da best ;)

History, introduction and testing

(history)

Technical Specifications

Crew: (3)
— Mobility —
Weight: t
Engine: MTU Diesel 8V199 Engine
Power: 720hp
Transmission: Renk Transmission HSWL 106
Top speed: kmph
Power/weight: hp/t
Suspension: Hydropneumatic

Internals

— Armament —
Main gun: 100 mm
Autoloader:
Secondary gun(s): 30mm 2A42
Elevation:
Traverse: 360°
Gun sight:
Laser range finder: Yes
Thermals: Yes
NVD: Yes

— Ammunition —

100mm
Count:
30mm
Count: (RoF: 1200)

Sources

https://www.atlantic-bg.org/files/conference/3/DLS_II.pdf

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VTS-1

Panzer-Modell.de – Abschied

VTS-1 seems to have been the testbed for an externally mounted gun that would have gone onwards in the trials for the leopard 3 program.

https://cloud.mail.ru/public/L2RG/yVCtDzp13/tanks/Germany/Kpz3%2C%20Leo3%2C%20etc/2%20KPZ-3%20Ger%20only

HFK-L2

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HFK/L2 catchphrase

Back story title
Back story

Testing

HFK/L1 and L2 were tested at the Meldorf bay in Germany.

HFK/L1 was intended mainly to test the effectiveness of lateral thrust in the hypersonic region. DASA said that this form of control is strongly affected by varying aerodynamic interferences between the airflow around the missile and the exhaust gases from the lateral thrust motors. These interference effects cannot be adequately simulated in a wind tunnel, owing to a lack of similarity in the important parameters. Therefore the test missile was equipped with nine side thrusters which were ignited in a programmed sequence.

Within 0.8s, the rocket was accelerated to nearly 1,800m/s (around M5.3) by Bayern Chemie’s high-power rocket motor. The Bayern Chemie hypervelocity propulsion unit features an integrated airframe and motor structure with a diameter of 220mm a carbon/Kevlar composite case and nozzle (manufactured by Man); a single stage boost/sustain configuration with a maximum thrust of more than 200kN and a thrust ratio of about 10:1 using an optimized wagon wheel propellant grain; and a high performance aluminized composite propellant with very high burn rate.

Once maximum speed had been reached, the control sequence was activated, in which the missile was subjected to lateral accelerations of 30g for brief periods. The measured flight state variable (data) and the temperatures both on the surface of the missile and in the interior were recorded during the flight in an on-board storage device; some of the data was also transmitted to the ground station by a telemetry link. After about 1.5s of flight, the rocket was destroyed by a pyrotechnic device. The important components such as the inertial platform and the flight data recorder and telemetry unit were recovered by helicopter from the mud flats about 3km from the launch point.

DASA said that a next round of test firings will be over a distance of 12km, and represent a major challenge to the temperature stability of the materials used. Air friction means that temperatures as high as 1,200°C on the surface of the missile, and up to 400°C on the inner layer of the structure, must be reckoned with.

The focal point of the trials will be the control program for the HFK/L2 firings scheduled for November 1997, with 36 side thrusters giving a defined manoeuvre at the maximum speed of Mach 5.3. The test firing is to determine if the most important questions on the controllability of a missile under these extreme conditions can be considered answered. In that case the trials will proceed to the second and even more demanding part of the technology program. That is intended to test and verify lateral accelerations of 50g and more, using new aerodynamic control surfaces alone or in combination with side thrusters.

In order to reduce the technical risk when creating HFK/KV, BGT, together with the German companies DASA and Bayern-Chemie, is participating in the work on hypersonic demonstrator missiles HFK-L1 and HFK-L2, whose mass is about 100 kg.
The first launch of HFK-L1 was carried out in 1995 and during the launch the effectiveness of the gas-dynamic control system was tested at speeds around Mach 5. During the first launch, the missile was equipped with nine micro-solid propellant rocket engines, which were to be turned on during the flight in a predetermined sequence. During the first 0.8 s of flight, the missile reached a speed of Mach 5.3, after which the micro-solid propellant rocket engine was turned on, ensuring that the missile performed manoeuvres with overloads of up to 30 G. Analysing the results of this and a number of subsequent tests, BGT specialists came to the conclusion that to perform manoeuvres with overloads of more than 50 G, the missile must not only be equipped with a micro-solid propellant rocket engine, but also with aerodynamic control surfaces.

The second test of such a missile, HFK-L2, took place in February 2002 and during the test the missile reached a speed of M=6.5 (more than 2.1 km/s). It was noted that the required manoeuvrability indicators were achieved. (for overloads of up to 50 G)

Source for proof

Technical Specifications

Launch weight: ~100kg
Missile length: 2.5m
Missile acceleration: 2271m/s²
Missile Thrust: 200kN
Maximum speed: 8650km/h (Mach ~7)
Maximum overload: 50G
Warhead mass: unkn
Guaranteed range: 12km
Maximum range: 16-18km

The missile used a collaboration of control surfaces and side thrusters to achieve its maximum overload of 50 G.

Extra info

A Hochge schwindigkeits flugkorper (HFK) hypervelocity surface-to-air missile research programme was started in Germany in 1990, and at least two different designs have been tested. A BGT design, known as HFK/KV, was tested with eight firings up to December 2001. The missile had a length of 2.8 m, and a launch weight of 60 kg. This missile was in two stages, with the 44 kg first stage a solid propellant boost motor fitted with four folding fins that accelerated the missile up to M5inaround 1second. The boost motor assembly was then jettisoned and the unpowered second stage flew to the target. The 16 kg second stage was called a Kill Vehicle (KV), this had a length of 0.9m, and had an inertial measurement unit, a 5 kg warhead, four small control fins and an imaging IR seeker. The seeker had 32 detector elements that were scanned to provide an image, enabling the second stage to home onto the target. The imaging IR seeker was protected from the heat generated by the high speed of the missile, by an ablative nosecone, that was jettisoned 2 to 3 seconds before intercept. The HFK/KV missile design was planned to be interchangeable with existing Roland canisters and launch systems, and was expected to have a maximum range of 12 km.
A second version was designed by DASA (LFK, now part of EADS), known as HFK/L. This version was a single-stage missile, but with a solid propellant boost motor that burned for 0.8 seconds and accelerated the missile to M5.3 (1.8 km/s). The HFK/L missile was first flown in 1995, and guided flight trials continued up to February 2002. The missile had a launch weight of 100 kg and included 36 solid propellant side thrusters forward of the centre of gravity and four lattice box type control fins at the rear. The lattice control fins were similar to those used on the Russian AA-12 ‘Adder’ air-to-air missile and SS-2 1 ‘Scarab‘ short-range ballistic missile. It was reported that this missile would have active or semi-active radar guidance, although a dual-mode active radar/ imaging IR seeker was also proposed. The initial HFK/L missile had a range of 12 km. In October 2000 a second phase of research was contracted with LFK, to develop two further missiles with a larger boost motor. The new motor will burn for 1.8 seconds, and will accelerate the missile to M7.0 (2.3km/s). The first test of the new missile was made in February 2002.
A joint proposal was made by BGT and LFK in June 2001 to co-ordinate the two earlier projects into one design, to be used as a replacement for the Roland SAM and for possible use as an AAM from helicopters. The new design is for a two stage missile, with first- and second-stage solid propellant motors. The first-stage motor has TVC, The motor efflux from the second-stage motor will be exhausted from two side nozzles in the missile body, forward of the wings. This will enable the two motors to be fired together or sequentially, depending on the target range. The missile has four long chord wings at mid-body and four control fins at the rear, similar to the IRIS-T air-to-air missile and SM-2MR Standard surface-to air missile. The flight speed will be 2.0 to 2.5 km/second, with a range in excess of 10 km. The second stage has an IIR seeker, with inertial guidance in mid-course and a command uplink to enable the missile to intercept targets behind hills or terrain cover. A small fragmentation warhead will probably be fitted, although the objective is to achieve *hit-to-kill’. Full-scale development is expected to start in 2004, with a planned in-service date of 2009.

Visual References

6517-4457d4c09ea3f535b0844248489b6e14